Chitsulo chamakono chapaipi ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri cha carbon kapena ultra-low-carbon microalloyed steel, chomwe ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi luso lapamwamba komanso mtengo wowonjezera.Zambiri mwaukadaulo watsopano waukadaulo m'munda wazitsulo m'zaka 20 zapitazi zagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo zamapayipi.Chitukuko cha uinjiniya wa mapaipi ndi kukula kwa mapaipi, mayendedwe othamanga kwambiri a gasi, kuziziritsa kwambiri, malo ogwiritsira ntchito dzimbiri, komanso makulidwe a mapaipi apansi pa nyanja.Chifukwa chake, zitsulo zamakono zamapaipi ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zotsika za Bauschinger, kulimba kwambiri komanso kukana kwamphamvu, kutsika kwa kaboni wa weld komanso kutsekemera kwabwino, komanso kukana kuwononga kwa HIC ndi H2S.
Chitsulo chachitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi amizere owotcherera, chifukwa mapaipi opanda msoko amapangidwa ndi mipiringidzo yozungulira, osati mbale zachitsulo.Sing'anga wandiweyani mbale zambiri ntchito kupanga wandiweyani khoma mowongoka msoko welded chitoliro, ndi koyilo zitsulo ntchito kupanga magetsi resistane welded (RW) chitoliro ndi spirally submerged arc welded (SSAW) chitoliro.Masiku ano, makasitomala ochulukirachulukira amafunikira mbale yachitsulo ya payipi kuti apange mapaipi amizere chifukwa mbale zachitsulo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi akulu akulu, kuphatikizanso, mtengo wa mipope yowotcherera nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika kuposa mapaipi opanda msoko.
Mzere chitoliro zitsulo mbale ndi zinthu zofunika kupanga ERW mzere chitoliro, LSAW mzere chitoliro, SSAW mzere chitoliro, amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mzere chitoliro mu mafuta, gasi ndi zoyendera madzi, angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga kuthamanga madzimadzi kufala zomangamanga.
Kutentha kotsika kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri m'nyanja yakuya, zowulutsa za asidi: ngakhale mikhalidwe yowopsa kwambiri ilibe zoyipa pama mbale athu amizere.Mipaipi ya mizere imatha kugwira ntchito mozama mpaka mamita 2,800 pansi pa nyanja.
Timaperekanso mbale zachitsulo zomangira zomangira zakunja zokhala ndi zotchingira zosachita dzimbiri pazofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito gasi wowawasa.Monga katswiri waukadaulo wamakono wa thermo mechanical rolling ndi kuzizira kofulumira, ndife ena mwa atsogoleri amakampani padziko lonse lapansi.
