Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosungunula kapena chotentha chachitsulo, chifukwa cha zinthu zina (monga zitsulo zopanda zitsulo, mpweya, kusankha njira kapena ntchito yosayenera, etc.).Zowonongeka mkati kapena pamwamba paChitoliro chachitsulo chosasinthikazidzakhudza kwambiri ubwino wa zinthu kapena katunduyo, ndipo nthawi zina zimachititsa kuti zinthuzo zichotsedwe.
Porosity, thovu, shrinkage crater residues, non-metal inclusions, tsankho, mawanga oyera, ming'alu ndi zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zoswekaozizira kukopeka opanda zitsulo mapaipiangapezeke kudzera macroscopic kuyendera.Pali njira ziwiri zowunikira ma macro: kuwunika kwa acid leaching ndikuwunika kwa fracture.Zowonongeka za macroscopic zowululidwa ndi acid leaching zikufotokozedwa mwachidule pansipa:
1. Kudzipatula
Choyambitsa mapangidwe: Pakuponyera ndi kulimba, zinthu zina zimaphatikizana chifukwa chosankha kristalo ndi kufalikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala osafanana.Malingana ndi malo osiyana siyana ogawa, amatha kugawidwa mu mtundu wa ingot, kusiyana kwapakati ndi kusiyana kwa mfundo.
Mawonekedwe a macroscopic: Pazitsanzo za acid leaching, zikagawanika kukhala zinthu zowononga kapena zophatikizika ndi gasi, mtundu wake ndi wakuda, mawonekedwe ake ndi osakhazikika, opindika pang'ono, pansi ndi athyathyathya, ndipo pali nsonga zambiri zowundana.Ngati chinthu chotsutsa chikaphatikizana, chimakhala chopepuka, chosawoneka bwino, chosalala bwino.
2. kumasuka
Chifukwa cha mapangidwe: Panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, chitsulo sichingathe kutenthedwa pakugwira ntchito yotentha chifukwa cha shrinkage yomaliza yazitsulo zosungunuka zosungunuka komanso kutulutsa mpweya kuti apange voids.Malinga ndi kugawa kwawo, iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: chapakati lotayirira ndi lonse lotayirira.
Mawonekedwe a Macroscopic: Pamalo otsetsereka otentha acid leaching pamwamba, ma pores amakhala ndi ma polygon osakhazikika komanso maenje okhala ndi zapansi zopapatiza, nthawi zambiri popatukana.Pazovuta kwambiri, pali chizolowezi cholumikizana ndi mawonekedwe a spongy.
3. Kuphatikizika
Chifukwa cha mapangidwe:
① Zowonjezera zitsulo zakunja
Chifukwa: Panthawi yothira, mipiringidzo yazitsulo, zitsulo zachitsulo ndi mapepala achitsulo zimagwera mu nkhungu ya ingot, kapena chitsulo chowonjezera kumapeto kwa siteji yosungunula sichisungunuka.
Mawonekedwe a Macroscopic: Pamapepala okhazikika, nthawi zambiri mawonekedwe a geometric okhala ndi m'mbali zakuthwa komanso kusiyana kwamitundu ndi malo ozungulira.
② Zowonjezera zopanda zitsulo zakunja
Chifukwa: Panthawi yothira, zinthu zokanira za ng'anjo ya ng'anjo ndi khoma lamkati la zothira sizimayandama kapena kusungunula muzitsulo zosungunuka.
Mawonekedwe a Macroscopic: Zophatikizira zazikulu zosakhala zachitsulo zimazindikirika mosavuta, pomwe zing'onozing'ono zimawononga ndi peel, ndikusiya mabowo ang'onoang'ono ozungulira.
③ Pindulani khungu
Choyambitsa mapangidwe: Chitsulo chosungunula chimakhala ndi filimu yosungunuka pamwamba pa ingot yapansi.
Mawonekedwe a Macroscopic: Mtundu wa chitsanzo cha asidi leaching ndi wosiyana ndi wozungulira, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi osakhazikika opindika opapatiza, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma oxide inclusions ndi pores mozungulira.
4. Funani
Chifukwa cha mapangidwe: Poponyera ingot kapena kuponyera, madzi omwe ali pachimake sangathe kuwonjezeredwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa voliyumu panthawi ya condensation yomaliza, ndipo mutu wa ingot kapena kuponyera kumapanga macroscopic cavity.
Mawonekedwe a Macroscopic: Mphepete mwa shrinkage ili pakatikati pa chitsanzo cha acidly leached, ndipo malo ozungulira nthawi zambiri amakhala olekanitsidwa, osakanikirana kapena otayirira.Nthawi zina mabowo kapena ming'alu imatha kuwonedwa musanawotchedwe, ndipo pambuyo pa kuwotcha, mbali zina za mabowowo zimadetsedwa ndikuwoneka ngati mabowo okwinya mosakhazikika.
5. Mibulu
Zomwe zimapangidwira: Zowonongeka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mpweya wopangidwa ndi kumasulidwa panthawi yopangira ingot.
Mawonekedwe a Macroscopic: Chifaniziro chodutsa chokhala ndi ming'alu pafupifupi pamtunda wokhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni pang'ono ndi decarburization pafupi.Kukhalapo kwa thovu la mpweya pansi pa khungu kutchedwa subcutaneous mpweya thovu, ndi kuya subcutaneous mpweya thovu amatchedwa pinholes.Pakupanga ndondomeko, mabowo awa osasunthika komanso osasunthika amafikira machubu oonda okhala ndi mapini ang'onoang'ono otalikirana pamtanda.Gawo lamtanda limafanana ndi tsankho lanthawi zonse, koma mtundu wakuda ndi zisa zamkati za uchi.
6. Vitiligo
Chifukwa cha mapangidwe: Nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi chikoka cha hydrogen ndi kupsinjika kwapangidwe, ndipo kulekanitsa ndi kuphatikizidwa muzitsulo kumakhalanso ndi chikoka china, chomwe ndi mtundu wa ming'alu.
Mawonekedwe a macroscopic: Ming'alu yaifupi, yopyapyala pamatsanzo a asidi otentha opindika.Pali mawanga oyera owala a siliva wonyezimira pamapazi aatali.
7. Mng'alu
Chifukwa cha mapangidwe: axial intergranular crack.Pamene mapangidwe a dendritic ali ovuta, ming'alu idzawoneka pamodzi ndi nthambi yaikulu ndi pakati pa nthambi za billet yaikulu.
Ming’alu ya m’kati: Ming’alu yobwera chifukwa chofokokera ndi kugudubuzika mosayenera.
Mawonekedwe a macroscopic: Pamtanda, mawonekedwe a axial amang'ambika motsatira ma intergranular, ngati ukonde wa kangaude, ndipo kusweka kwa radial kumachitika pazovuta kwambiri.
8. Pindani
Zomwe zimayambitsa mapangidwe: zipsera zosagwirizana pamwambachubu chachitsulo chozizira cha carbonkapena zitsulo zachitsulo panthawi yopangira ndi kugubuduza, m'mbali zakuthwa ndi ngodya zomwe zimadutsanachubu chachitsulo chosasunthika chozizira, kapena zinthu zooneka ngati khutu zomwe zimapangika chifukwa chosapanga bwino kapena kugwira ntchito molakwika, ndi kumangogudubuzika .superimposed panthawi yopanga.
Mawonekedwe a Macroscopic: Pachitoliro chozizira cha chitsulo chosasunthika chotentha cha asidi, pamakhala ming'alu yachitsulo pamwamba pa chitsulocho, ndipo pafupi ndi chitsulocho pali decarburization, ndipo mng'aluwo nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi sikelo ya oxide.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-02-2022